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PEER-REVIEWED • OPEN ACCESS • ESTABLISHED 2014

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The Indian Journal of Contemporary Legal and Social Issues publishes rigorous, accessible scholarship at the intersection of law, society, technology, and governance.

Criminal Law
Voluntariness and Judicial Supervision in Plea Ba...
Vidhyasri K
Criminal Law8 min
Criminal Law
Summons to Produce Documents and Electronic Commu...
B. Deepa
Criminal Law8 min
Criminal Law
Issue of Process and Exemption from Personal Appe...
D. Saranya
Criminal Law8 min
Criminal Law
Interstate Execution of Arrest Warrants and Trans...
Bharathi R
Criminal Law8 min
Criminal Law
Bail Bond, Sureties, Forfeiture, and Cancellation...
Vijay G
Criminal Law8 min
Public Health
Effect of Zumba on Body Mass Index of Obese Schoo...
Arti Toppo
Public Health8 min
Constitutional Law
Preventive Action by Police and Its Constitutiona...
Keerthana K
Constitutional Law8 min
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Digital Due Process and the Right to Explanation

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October 2026

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Criminal Law

Voluntariness and Judicial Supervision in Plea Bargaining under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023

This paper examines the twin pillars of voluntariness and judicial supervision in the plea bargaining framework of Chapter XXIII (Sections 289 to 300) of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, which re-enacts Chapter XXI-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. It traces the legislative evolution of plea bargaining in India and sets out the statutory architecture, including the seven-year ceiling, the thirty-day filing rule, the mandatory affidavit, the in-camera examination of the accused, the mutually satisfactory disposition, the sentencing concessions and the finality of judgment. Drawing on Kasambhai Abdulrehmanbhai Sheikh v. State of Gujarat, State of Gujarat v. Natwarlal Himatlal Thakker and Thapparan v. State of Kerala, the paper shows that courts treat voluntariness as a substantive safeguard and not a procedural formality. It also discusses practical challenges such as social stigma, deficient legal aid and judicial hesitancy, and concludes that judicial vigilance is essential if plea bargaining is to deliver swift and equitable justice without sacrificing constitutional protections.

Vidhyasri K
8 min 2
Criminal Law

Summons to Produce Documents and Electronic Communication: A Legal Overview under Section 94 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023

The production of documents and electronic records is an important part of criminal investigation and trial. Evidence may be contained not only in paper records but also in emails, text messages, call records, CCTV footage, computer files and mobile devices. Section 94 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) provides a legal mechanism by which a court or the officer in charge of a police station may require the production of documents, electronic communication and other things considered necessary or desirable for proceedings. This article explains the purpose, scope, procedure and safeguards associated with the provision.

B. Deepa
8 min
Criminal Law

Issue of Process and Exemption from Personal Appearance under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023

Process and exemption from personal appearance are significant features of criminal procedure in India. When there are adequate grounds to proceed, a criminal court might order an accused individual to appear before it under the issuance of process. Exemption from personal appearance allows an accused individual to participate in a hearing through an advocate without having to be personally present. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), which went into effect on July 1, 2024, governs these topics principally through Sections 227, 228 and 355. These provisions seek to maintain a balance between effective justice administration, individual liberty, and procedural fairness. This paper analyzes the statutory framework, corresponding judicial decisions, practical issues, and potential improvements regarding process and exemption from personal appearance. It contends that judicial application of mind, reasoned orders, and the proper use of judicial discretion are required to prevent undue harassment while ensuring that criminal processes are completed fairly and expeditiously.

D. Saranya
8 min 2
Criminal Law

Interstate Execution of Arrest Warrants and Transit Safeguards in India

This article examines how arrests and arrest warrants operate across state boundaries in India under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS). It explains that the BNSS does not define inter-state arrest, and discusses the provisions that make a warrant of arrest executable at any place in India (section 79), the power to arrest without a warrant (section 35), pursuit of offenders into other jurisdictions (section 45), arrest on the requisition of another police officer, and the duty of the public to assist (section 31). It concludes that no special documents are needed for an arrest within India, while interstate arrests and transit still require coordination between the police departments of the two states and accurate compliance with the prescribed rules and procedures.

Bharathi R
8 min 3

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