The Constitution of India is a living document founded on the values of social justice, equality, and human dignity. It incorporates extensive constitutional efforts to eradicate the historical exploitation, untouchability, landlessness, cultural alienation, and structural inequalities faced by Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. This research paper presents a rigorous theoretical analysis of these efforts based on a theoretical research methodology. It examines the principles of social justice, the concept of affirmative action, the philosophy of the Constitution-makers, and the protective and empowering provisions contained in Articles 14, 15, 16, 17, 46, 330, 332, 335, 338, 338A, 339, and 340. The study establishes that the Constitution not only guarantees formal legal equality but also assigns the state an active role in achieving substantive equality. Drawing upon historical continuity, constitutional morality, the Ambedkarite perspective, and contemporary judicial interpretations, the paper demonstrates that constitutional efforts extend far beyond reservation. They construct a multi-dimensional framework encompassing political representation, educational opportunities, economic empowerment, cultural protection, and institutional oversight. Theoretical analysis reveals that these provisions move beyond liberal equality toward a transformative conception of social justice. Nevertheless, challenges of implementation, intra-group inequalities, and limitations of political will continue to constrain their full success. The paper concludes that constitutional efforts form the foundation of India’s democratic experiment and that only continuous theoretical and practical re-examination can realise the ideal of social justice. This study provides a theoretical foundation for future policy-making and constitutional interpretation.